Recent advances on deep learning models come at the price of formidable training cost. The increasing model size is one of the root cause, but another less-emphasized fact is that data scale is actually increasing at a similar speed as model scale, and the training cost is proportional to both of them. Compared to the rapidly evolving model architecture, how to efficiently use the training data (especially for the expensive foundation model pertaining) is both less explored and difficult to realize due to the lack of a convenient framework that focus on data efficiency capabilities. To this end, we present DeepSpeed Data Efficiency library, a framework that makes better use of data, increases training efficiency, and improves model quality. Specifically, it provides efficient data sampling via curriculum learning, and efficient data routing via random layerwise token dropping. DeepSpeed Data Efficiency takes extensibility, flexibility and composability into consideration, so that users can easily utilize the framework to compose multiple techniques and apply customized strategies. By applying our solution to GPT-3 1.3B and BERT-Large language model pretraining, we can achieve similar model quality with up to 2x less data and 2x less time, or achieve better model quality under similar amount of data and time.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

过去的几年见证了基于变压器的模型的成功，其规模和应用方案继续积极发展。变压器模型的当前景观越来越多样化：该模型大小差异很大，最大的参数是最大的。模型特性由于特征的混合物所引入的稀疏性而有所不同。目标应用程序方案可以是关键延迟或面向吞吐量的情况；部署硬件可以是具有不同类型的内存和存储等单身或多GPU系统。随着多样性的增加和变压器模型的快速发展速度，设计高性能和高效的推理系统非常具有挑战性。在本文中，我们提出了DeepSpeed推断，这是用于解决上述挑战的变压器模型推理的全面系统解决方案。深速推理包括（1）一种多GPU推理解决方案，可最大程度地减少潜伏度，同时最大化密集和稀疏变压器模型的吞吐量，当它们适合聚集的GPU内存时，以及（2）一种异质推理解决方案，该解决方案利用CPU和NVME内存中的CPU和NVME内存。除了GPU内存和计算以使高推理吞吐量具有不适合聚集GPU内存的大型推理吞吐量。对于面向延迟的方案，深速推理可将延迟降低到最新的7倍，而对于面向吞吐量的方案，延迟的潜伏期将延迟减少到1.5倍以上。此外，它通过利用数百个GPU来实现实时延迟约束下的参数量表推断，这是一个前所未有的推理。它可以比仅使用GPU的解决方案更大的25倍模型，同时提供84个TFLOPS（超过50美元的A6000峰值）。

近年来，大型预训练的变压器网络已显示出许多自然语言理解任务的巨大改进。但是，由于延迟和成本限制，这些模型的巨大规模给他们的微调和在线部署带来了重大挑战。支持N：M半结构化的稀疏性和低精油整数计算的新硬件是提高DNN模型效率的有前途解决方案。但是，很少有研究系统地研究预先训练的变压器网络在多大程度上受益于这些技术的组合，以及如何最好地压缩变压器的每个组件。我们提出了一个灵活的压缩框架NXMiformer，该框架使用ADMM和基于Ste的QAT执行同时进行稀疏和量化。此外，我们介绍且廉价的启发式驱动搜索算法，该算法标识了满足压缩比约束的有希望的异质压缩配置。当通过NLU基准测试的胶水套件进行评估时，我们的方法可以达到BERT模型编码器的93％压缩，同时保留了98.2％的原始模型准确性并充分利用硬件功能。异质配置通过搜索启发式发现了基线准确性的99.5％，同时仍将模型压缩为87.5％。

随着巨型密集模型的训练在当今硬件资源的可用性和能力方面达到了界限，由于其质量降低了大量培训成本，因此Experts（MOE）模型成为最有前途的模型体系结构之一等效密集模型。它的培训成本节省从编码器模型（先前的工作）展示到自动攻击性语言模型的5倍（这项工作以及并行探索）。但是，由于模型的规模和独特的架构，如何提供快速MOE模型推理仍然具有挑战性和未解决，从而限制了其实际用途。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了DeepSpeed-Moe，这是DeepSpeed库的一部分，包括新型MOE架构设计和模型压缩技术，将MOE模型大小降低到3.7倍，以及一个，以及一个与现有的MOE推理解决方案相比，高度优化的推理系统可提供7.3倍的延迟和成本。 DeepSpeed-Moe提供了前所未有的量表和效率，可与质量等效的密集模型相比，提供高达4.5倍和9倍的推理的大型MOE模型。我们希望我们的创新和系统有助于在大型模型景观中打开通往新方向的有前途的途径，从密集到稀疏的MOE模型转变，在这种模型中，培训和部署具有更少资源的更高质量模型变得更加广泛。

深度学习（DL）模型在许多应用领域中取得了卓越的性能，包括愿景，语言，医疗，商业广告，娱乐等。随着快速的发展，DL应用和潜在的服务硬件都表现出强大的缩放趋势，即例如，模型缩放和计算缩放，例如，最近的预先训练模型，具有数百亿次参数，具有〜TB级存储器消耗，以及提供数百个TFLOPS的最新GPU加速器。在扩大趋势，新的问题和挑战中出现了DL推理服务系统，这逐渐朝着大型深度学习服务系统（LDS）趋势。该调查旨在总结和分类大规模深度学习服务系统的新兴挑战和优化机会。通过提供新的分类法，总结计算范例，并详细说明最近的技术进步，我们希望这项调查能够在新的优化视角下阐明，并激励小说在大型深度学习系统优化中的作品。

Continual Learning (CL) is an emerging machine learning paradigm that aims to learn from a continuous stream of tasks without forgetting knowledge learned from the previous tasks. To avoid performance decrease caused by forgetting, prior studies exploit episodic memory (EM), which stores a subset of the past observed samples while learning from new non-i.i.d. data. Despite the promising results, since CL is often assumed to execute on mobile or IoT devices, the EM size is bounded by the small hardware memory capacity and makes it infeasible to meet the accuracy requirements for real-world applications. Specifically, all prior CL methods discard samples overflowed from the EM and can never retrieve them back for subsequent training steps, incurring loss of information that would exacerbate catastrophic forgetting. We explore a novel hierarchical EM management strategy to address the forgetting issue. In particular, in mobile and IoT devices, real-time data can be stored not just in high-speed RAMs but in internal storage devices as well, which offer significantly larger capacity than the RAMs. Based on this insight, we propose to exploit the abundant storage to preserve past experiences and alleviate the forgetting by allowing CL to efficiently migrate samples between memory and storage without being interfered by the slow access speed of the storage. We call it Carousel Memory (CarM). As CarM is complementary to existing CL methods, we conduct extensive evaluations of our method with seven popular CL methods and show that CarM significantly improves the accuracy of the methods across different settings by large margins in final average accuracy (up to 28.4%) while retaining the same training efficiency.

Masked image modeling (MIM) performs strongly in pre-training large vision Transformers (ViTs). However, small models that are critical for real-world applications cannot or only marginally benefit from this pre-training approach. In this paper, we explore distillation techniques to transfer the success of large MIM-based pre-trained models to smaller ones. We systematically study different options in the distillation framework, including distilling targets, losses, input, network regularization, sequential distillation, etc, revealing that: 1) Distilling token relations is more effective than CLS token- and feature-based distillation; 2) An intermediate layer of the teacher network as target perform better than that using the last layer when the depth of the student mismatches that of the teacher; 3) Weak regularization is preferred; etc. With these findings, we achieve significant fine-tuning accuracy improvements over the scratch MIM pre-training on ImageNet-1K classification, using all the ViT-Tiny, ViT-Small, and ViT-base models, with +4.2%/+2.4%/+1.4% gains, respectively. Our TinyMIM model of base size achieves 52.2 mIoU in AE20K semantic segmentation, which is +4.1 higher than the MAE baseline. Our TinyMIM model of tiny size achieves 79.6% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K image classification, which sets a new record for small vision models of the same size and computation budget. This strong performance suggests an alternative way for developing small vision Transformer models, that is, by exploring better training methods rather than introducing inductive biases into architectures as in most previous works. Code is available at https://github.com/OliverRensu/TinyMIM.

In this paper, we propose a robust 3D detector, named Cross Modal Transformer (CMT), for end-to-end 3D multi-modal detection. Without explicit view transformation, CMT takes the image and point clouds tokens as inputs and directly outputs accurate 3D bounding boxes. The spatial alignment of multi-modal tokens is performed implicitly, by encoding the 3D points into multi-modal features. The core design of CMT is quite simple while its performance is impressive. CMT obtains 73.0% NDS on nuScenes benchmark. Moreover, CMT has a strong robustness even if the LiDAR is missing. Code will be released at https://github.com/junjie18/CMT.

Dataset distillation has emerged as a prominent technique to improve data efficiency when training machine learning models. It encapsulates the knowledge from a large dataset into a smaller synthetic dataset. A model trained on this smaller distilled dataset can attain comparable performance to a model trained on the original training dataset. However, the existing dataset distillation techniques mainly aim at achieving the best trade-off between resource usage efficiency and model utility. The security risks stemming from them have not been explored. This study performs the first backdoor attack against the models trained on the data distilled by dataset distillation models in the image domain. Concretely, we inject triggers into the synthetic data during the distillation procedure rather than during the model training stage, where all previous attacks are performed. We propose two types of backdoor attacks, namely NAIVEATTACK and DOORPING. NAIVEATTACK simply adds triggers to the raw data at the initial distillation phase, while DOORPING iteratively updates the triggers during the entire distillation procedure. We conduct extensive evaluations on multiple datasets, architectures, and dataset distillation techniques. Empirical evaluation shows that NAIVEATTACK achieves decent attack success rate (ASR) scores in some cases, while DOORPING reaches higher ASR scores (close to 1.0) in all cases. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive ablation study to analyze the factors that may affect the attack performance. Finally, we evaluate multiple defense mechanisms against our backdoor attacks and show that our attacks can practically circumvent these defense mechanisms.